Graphics¶

Make drawing, animating, and creating games as easy as using Turtle.

Download the graphics.py file to use the module.

Drawing Functions¶

graphics.draw_oval(x, y, width, height, outline='black', fill='', thick=1)¶

Draw the specified axis-aligned oval the Graphics window.

Parameters:

x (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the oval to draw.
y (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the oval to draw.
width (float) – The width, in pixels, of the oval to draw.
height (float) – The height, in pixels, of the oval to draw.
int, int)/(float, float, float) outline (string/int/float/(int,) – The outline color of the oval to draw. Default value is ‘black’.
int, int)/(float, float, float) fill (string/int/float/(int,) – The fill color of the oval to draw. Default value is an empty string, do not fill.
thick (float) – The thickness, in pixels, of the outline of the oval to draw. Default value is 1.

See Coordinate System for a description of the Graphics window coordinate system.

See Colors for a description of valid colors.

For example::

>>> graphics.draw_oval(0, 0, 100, 100)
>>> graphics.draw_oval(100, 100, 100, 100, outline="blue", fill="", thick=10)
>>> graphics.draw_oval(100, 0, 100, 100, fill=(255, 0, 0), thick=0)
>>> graphics.draw_oval(0, 100, 100, 100, outline="green", fill="yellow", thick=10)

graphics.draw_rectangle(x, y, width, height, outline='black', fill='', thick=1)¶

Draw the specified axis-aligned rectangle the Graphics window.

Parameters:

x (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the rectangle to draw.
y (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the rectangle to draw.
width (float) – The width, in pixels, of the rectangle to draw.
height (float) – The height, in pixels, of the rectangle to draw.
int, int)/(float, float, float) outline (string/int/float/(int,) – The outline color of the rectangle to draw. Default value is ‘black’.
int, int)/(float, float, float) fill (string/int/float/(int,) – The fill color of the rectangle to draw. Default value is an empty string, do not fill.
thick (float) – The thickness, in pixels, of the outline of the rectangle to draw. Default value is 1.

See Coordinate System for a description of the Graphics window coordinate system.

See Colors for a description of valid colors.

For example::

>>> graphics.draw_rectangle(0, 0, 100, 100)
>>> graphics.draw_rectangle(100, 100, 100, 100, outline="blue", fill="", thick=10)
>>> graphics.draw_rectangle(100, 0, 100, 100, fill="red", thick=0)
>>> graphics.draw_rectangle(0, 100, 100, 100, outline="green", fill="yellow", thick=10)

graphics.draw_line(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill='black', thick=1)¶

Draw the specified line the Graphics window.

Parameters:

x1 (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of first endpoint of the line to draw.
y1 (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the frist endpoint of the line to draw.
x2 (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of second endpoint of the line to draw.
y2 (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the second endpoint of the line to draw.
int, int)/(float, float, float) fill (string/int/float/(int,) – The color of the line to draw. Default value is ‘black’.
thick (float) – The thickness, in pixels, of the line to draw. Default value is 1.

See Coordinate System for a description of the Graphics window coordinate system.

See Colors for a description of valid colors.

For example::

>>> graphics.draw_line(0, 0, 100, 100)
>>> graphics.draw_line(100, 0, 0, 100, fill="blue", thick=10)

graphics.draw_image(image_name, x, y)¶

Draw the specified image to the Graphics window.

Parameters:	image_name (str) – The file name of the image to draw. The image must be a GIF file. x (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the image to draw. y (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the image to draw.

See Coordinate System for a description of the Graphics window coordinate system.

graphics.draw_sprite(sprite)¶

Draw the specified sprite to the Graphics window.

Parameters:	sprite (Sprite) – The sprite object to draw.

For example::

>>> graphics.draw_sprite(0, 0, sprite.Sprite('image.gif'))

graphics.image_size(image_name)¶

Return the size of the specified image when drawn to the Graphics window.

Parameters:	image_name (str) – The file name of the image to draw.
Returns:	(int, int) – The width and height of the image as a tuple of integers.

If image_name is not a valid image file (0, 0) is returned.

graphics.image_width(image_name)¶

Return the width of the specified image when drawn to the Graphics window.

Parameters:	image_name (str) – The file name of the image to draw.
Returns:	int – The width of the image as an integer.

If image_name is not a valid image file 0 is returned.

graphics.image_height(image_name)¶

Return the height of the specified image when drawn to the Graphics window.

Parameters:	image_name (str) – The file name of the image to draw.
Returns:	int – The height of the image as an integer.

If image_name is not a valid image file 0 is returned.

graphics.draw_text(text, x, y, fill='black', size=12)¶

Draw the specified text to the Graphics window.

Parameters:

text (str) – The text to draw to the window.
x (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the text to draw.
y (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the text to draw.
int, int)/(float, float, float) fill (string/int/float/(int,) – The color of the text to draw. Default value is ‘black’.
size (int) – The size, in points, of the text to draw. Default value is 12.

See Coordinate System for a description of the Graphics window coordinate system.

See Colors for a description of valid colors.

For example::

>>> graphics.draw_text('hello', 0, 0)
>>> graphics.draw_text('world', 100, 100, fill="blue", size=24)

graphics.text_size(text, size=12)¶

Return the size of the specified text when drawn to the Graphics window.

Parameters:	text (str) – The text to get the size of. size (int) – The size, in points, of the text to get the size of.
Returns:	(int, int) – The width and height of the text as a tuple of integers.

graphics.clear()¶: Clear all images, shapes, and text drawn to the Graphics window.

graphics.wait(seconds=0.033333333)¶

Waits for the specified number of seconds.

Images and text are drawn to a non-visible image buffer when the draw functions are called so that multiple draw calls can be displayed at once using this function. This makes for smoother, better looking animation. This function also blocks until the time specified has elapsed since the last time this function was called. This allows the user to create animations at a constant frame rate by calling this function once for every frame of animation.

Note, this is a blocking function. When invoked, the calling program will stop until the user releases a mouse button.

graphics.mainloop()¶

Keep the Graphics window open.

This function is to be used to keep the program from ending when no animation is being done, aka displaying a drawing. This will keep the Graphics window open until the user closes the window, either by hitting the escape key or by clicking on the window close button, or until window_open(False) is called.

For example::

>>> draw_something_brilliant()  # you must supply this function
>>> mainloop() # window will stay open

Window Functions¶

graphics.window_size(width=None, height=None)¶

Return or set size of the Graphics window.

Parameters:	width (int) – The width of the window drawing area, in pixels. height (int) – The height of the window drawing area, in pixels.
Returns:	(int, int) – The current width and height of the window as a tuple of integers.

For example::

>>> graphics.window_size(640, 480)  # the drawing area will be 640 x 480
>>> print(graphics.window_size())
>>> (640, 480)
>>> graphics.window_size(width=480) # the drawing area width will be 480
>>> print(graphics.window_size())
>>> (480, 480)

graphics.window_width(width=None)¶

Return or set width of the Graphics window.

Parameters:	width (int) – The width of the window drawing area, in pixels.
Returns:	int – The current width of the window as an integer.

For example::

>>> graphics.window_width(640)  # the drawing area will be 640px wide
>>> print(graphics.window_width())
>>> 640
>>> graphics.window_size(480) # the drawing area will be 480px wide
>>> print(graphics.window_width())
>>> 480

graphics.window_height(height=None)¶

Return or set height of the Graphics window.

Parameters:	height (int) – The height of the window drawing area, in pixels.
Returns:	int – The current height of the window as an integer.

For example::

>>> graphics.window_height(480)  # the drawing area will be 640px wide
>>> print(graphics.window_height())
>>> 480
>>> graphics.window_size(640) # the drawing area will be 480px wide
>>> print(graphics.window_height())
>>> 640

graphics.window_title(title=None)¶

Return or set the title of the Graphics window.

Parameters:	title (str) – The title of the Graphics window.
Returns:	(str) – The current window title.

For example::

>>> graphics.window_title('Mine')  # window title will be 'Mine'
>>> print(graphics.window_title())
>>> Mine
>>> graphics.window_title('Not Yours')  # window title will be 'Not Yours'
>>> print(graphics.window_title())
>>> Not Yours

graphics.window_background_color(color=None)¶

Return or set the background color of the Graphics window.

Parameters:	color (str) – The color to set the background of the window to.
Returns:	(str) – The current window background color.

See Colors for a description of valid TKinter color

strings.

For example::

>>> graphics.window_background_color('black')  # black window background
>>> print(graphics.window_background_color())
>>> black
>>> graphics.window_background_color('white')  # white window background
>>> print(graphics.window_background_color())
>>> white

graphics.window_open(win_open=None)¶

Return or set whether the Graphics window is open.

Parameters:	win_open (bool) – Whether to open or close the window.
Returns:	(bool) – Whether the window is open or closed.

For example::

>>> graphics.window_open(True)  # The window will open if it isn't already
>>> print(graphics.window_open())
>>> True
>>> graphics.window_open(False) # The window will close if it isn't already
>>> print(graphics.window_open())
>>> False

Keyboard Functions¶

graphics.key_down(key_symbol)¶

Return whether the specified keyboard key is currently down.

Parameters:	button_symbol (str) – A valid TKinter key symbol string.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified keyboard key is being pressed, false otherwise.

See TKinter Key Symbols for a list of valid key symbols.

graphics.key_up(key_symbol)¶

Return whether the specified keyboard key is currently up.

Parameters:	button_symbol (str) – A valid TKinter key symbol string.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified keyboard key is not being pressed, false otherwise.

See TKinter Key Symbols for a list of valid key symbols.

graphics.key_pressed(key_symbol)¶

Return whether the specified keyboard key was pressed.

Parameters:	key_symbol (str) – A valid TKinter key symbol string.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified keyboard key was pressed, false otherwise.

See TKinter Key Symbols for a list of valid key symbols.

Note, this function returns whether the specified key was pressed since the last time the wait function was called. It is meant to be used in a program with an active loop that calls the wait function every iteration.

graphics.key_released(key_symbol)¶

Return whether the specified keyboard key was released.

Parameters:	key_symbol (str) – A valid TKinter key symbol string.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified keyboard key was released, false otherwise.

See TKinter Key Symbols for a list of valid key symbols.

Note, this function returns whether the specified key was released since the last time the wait function was called. It is meant to be used in a program with an active loop that calls the wait function every iteration.

graphics.wait_for_key_press()¶

Waits for the user to press a key and returns the key symbol.

Returns:	(str) – The TKinter key symbol string of the key pressed by the user.

See TKinter Key Symbols for a list of key symbols.

Note, this is a blocking function. When invoked, the calling program will stop until the user presses a keyboard key.

graphics.wait_for_key_release()¶

Waits for the user to release a key and returns the key symbol.

Returns:	(str) – The TKinter key symbol string of the key released by the user.

See TKinter Key Symbols for a list of key symbols.

Note, this is a blocking function. When invoked, the calling program will stop until the user releases a keyboard key.

graphics.wait_for_text(x, y, foreground='black', background='white', size=12, width=20)¶

Waits for the user to type text into text box and returns text

Parameters:

x (float) – The x-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the text box.
y (float) – The y-coordinate, in pixels, of the center of the text box.
foreground (str) – The color of the text in the text box. Default value is ‘black’.
background (str) – The color of the background of the text box. Default value is ‘white’.
size (int) – The font size, in points, of the text in the text box. Default value is 12.
width (int) – The width, in characters, of the text box. Default value is 20.

Returns:

(str) – The text entered by the user.

Note, this is a blocking function. When invoked, the calling program will stop until the user presses the return key.

Mouse Functions¶

graphics.button_down(button_number)¶

Return whether the specified mouse button is currently down.

Parameters:	button_number (int) – A valid TKinter button number.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified mouse button is being pressed, false otherwise.

See TKinter Button Numbers for a list of valid button numbers.

graphics.button_up(button_number)¶

Return whether the specified mouse button is currently up.

Parameters:	button_number (int) – A valid TKinter button number.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified mouse button is not being pressed, false otherwise.

See TKinter Button Numbers for a list of valid button numbers.

graphics.button_pressed(button_number)¶

Return whether the specified mouse button was pressed.

Parameters:	button_number (int) – A valid TKinter button number.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified mouse button was pressed, false otherwise.

See TKinter Button Numbers for a list of valid button numbers.

Note, this function returns whether the specified button was pressed since the last time the wait function was called. It is meant to be used in a program with an active loop that calls the wait function every iteration.

graphics.button_released(button_number)¶

Return whether the specified mouse button was released.

Parameters:	button_number (int) – A valid TKinter button number.
Returns:	(bool) – True if the specified mouse button was released, false otherwise.

See TKinter Button Numbers for a list of valid button numbers.

Note, this function returns whether the specified button was released since the last time the wait function was called. It is meant to be used in a program with an active loop that calls the wait function every iteration.

graphics.wait_for_button_press()¶

Waits for the user to press a mouse button and returns the number.

Returns:	(int) – The TKinter mouse button number of the mouse button pressed by the user.

See TKinter Button Numbers for a list of button numbers.

Note, this is a blocking function. When invoked, the calling program will stop until the user presses a mouse button.

graphics.wait_for_button_release()¶

Waits for the user to release a mouse button and returns the number.

Returns:	(int) – The TKinter mouse button number of the mouse button released by the user.

See TKinter Button Numbers for a list of button numbers.

Note, this is a blocking function. When invoked, the calling program will stop until the user releases a mouse button.

graphics.mouse_x()¶: Return the x coordinate of the mouse’s current location.

graphics.mouse_y()¶: Return the y coordinate of the mouse’s current location.

graphics.mouse_moved()¶

Return whether the mouse moved.

Note, this function returns whether the mouse moved since the last time the wait function was called. It is meant to be used in a program with an active loop that calls the wait function every iteration.

Coordinate System¶

The point (0, 0) is the upper left of the window. Positive x is to the right and positive y is down. For example:

>>> import graphics
>>> window_width = 160
>>> window_height = 120
>>> graphics.window_size(window_width, window_height)
>>> graphics.window_background_color('gray')
>>> graphics.draw_image('red_circle.gif', 0, 0)
>>> graphics.draw_image('green_circle.gif', window_width, 0)
>>> graphics.draw_image('blue_circle.gif', 0, window_height)
>>> graphics.mainloop()

Would produce the following drawing.

The red circle is at (0, 0), the green circle is at (160, 0), and the blue circle is at (0, 120).

Colors¶

Colors can be specified with a TKinter color String, a single integer, a single float, a tuple of integer RGB (Red Green Blue) values, or a tuple of floating-point RGB values.

TKinter Color Strings¶

The following are valid TKinter Color Strings:

Color Strings
snow	mint cream	cornflower blue	light blue	sea green	pale goldenrod	light salmon	medium violet red
ghost white	azure	dark slate blue	powder blue	medium sea green	light goldenrod yellow	orange	violet red
white smoke	alice blue	slate blue	pale turquoise	light sea green	light yellow	dark orange	medium orchid
gainsboro	lavender	medium slate blue	dark turquoise	pale green	yellow	coral	dark orchid
floral white	lavender blush	light slate blue	medium turquoise	spring green	gold	light coral	dark violet
old lace	misty rose	medium blue	turquoise	lawn green	light goldenrod	tomato	blue violet
linen	dark slate gray	royal blue	cyan	medium spring green	goldenrod	orange red	purple
antique white	dim gray	blue	light cyan	green yellow	dark goldenrod	red	medium purple
papaya whip	slate gray	dodger blue	cadet blue	lime green	rosy brown	hot pink	thistle
blanched almond	light slate gray	deep sky blue	medium aquamarine	yellow green	indian red	deep pink
bisque	gray	sky blue	aquamarine	forest green	saddle brown	pink
peach puff	light grey	light sky blue	dark green	olive drab	sandy brown	light pink
navajo white	midnight blue	steel blue	dark olive green	dark khaki	dark salmon	pale violet red
lemon chiffon	navy	light steel blue	dark sea green	khaki	salmon	maroon

RGB Color¶

Three numbers can be used to represent the RGB (Red Green Blue) values of a color with a tuple. If all three colors are represented with integers, they must be in the range [0, 255]. If all three colors are represented with floating-point numbers, they must be in the range [0.0, 1.0).

Numeric Color¶

A single number can be used to represent RGB values of a color. If the number is an integer, it must be 24-bits, [0, 16777215]. The leftmost 8 bits of the integer are the red value of the color, the middle 8 bits of the integer are the green value of the color, and the rightmost 8 bits of the integer are the blue value of the color. If the number is a floating-point number, it must be in the range [0.0, 1.0). The floating-point number is scaled to the range [0.0, 16777216.0) and converted to an integer that represents a color as described above.

TKinter Key Symbols¶

The following are valid TKinter key symbols:

Key Symbols
space	slash	greater	M	backslash	k	z	Kanji	Execute	F6	Super_L
exclam	0	question	N	bracketright	l	braceleft	Home	Insert	F7	Super_R
quotedbl	1	at	O	asciicircum	m	bar	Left	Undo	F8	Hyper_L
numbersign	2	A	P	underscore	n	braceright	Up	Redo	F9	Hyper_R
dollar	3	B	Q	quoteleft	o	asciitilde	Right	Menu	F10	Delete
percent	4	C	R	a	p	BackSpace	Down	Find	Shift_L
ampersand	5	D	S	b	q	Tab	Prior	Cancel	Shift_R
quoteright	6	E	T	c	r	Linefeed	Next	Help	Control_L
parenleft	7	F	U	d	s	Clear	End	Break	Control_R
parenright	8	G	V	e	t	Return	Begin	Num_Lock	Caps_Lock
asterisk	9	H	W	f	u	Pause	Win_L	F1	Shift_Lock
plus	colon	I	X	g	v	Scroll_Lock	Win_R	F2	Meta_L
comma	semicolon	J	Y	h	w	Sys_Req	App	F3	Meta_R
minus	less	K	Z	i	x	Escape	Select	F4	Alt_L
period	equal	L	bracketleft	j	y	Multi_key	Print	F5	Alt_R

From http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.4/TkCmd/keysyms.htm

TKinter Button Numbers¶

The following are valid TKinter button numbers:

Button Number	Mouse Button
1	Left Mouse Button
2	Middle Mouse Button
3	Right Mouse Button
4	Up Mouse Scroll Wheel
5	Up Mouse Scroll Wheel

Examples¶

Here is an example of drawing using the Graphics module:

import graphics

# Initialize the window
window_width = 640
window_height = 480
window_background_color = 'white'
window_title = 'Testing...'
graphics.window_size(window_width, window_height)
graphics.window_background_color(window_background_color)
graphics.window_title(window_title)

# Draw a rectangle to it
rect_x = 200
rect_y = 100
rect_width = 200
rect_height = 100
graphics.draw_rectangle(rect_x, rect_y, rect_width, rect_height, fill="black")

# Draw an image on top of the rectangle
circle_image_name = 'red_circle.gif'
circle_x = 200
circle_y = 100
graphics.draw_image(circle_image_name, circle_x, circle_y)

# Draw some text on top of the circle
text = 'Testing'
text_x = circle_x
text_y = circle_y
text_color = 'black'
text_size = 12
graphics.draw_text(text, circle_x, circle_y, text_color, text_size)

# Keep the window from closing after drawing
graphics.mainloop()

Here is an example of animating using the Graphics module:

import graphics

# Initialize the window
window_width = 640
window_height = 480
window_background_color = 'white'
window_title = 'Testing...'
graphics.window_size(window_width, window_height)
graphics.window_background_color(window_background_color)
graphics.window_title(window_title)

# Initialize a circle
circle_image_name = 'red_circle.gif'
circle_x = 200
circle_y = 100
number_of_frames = 100

# Animate the circle for a fixed number of frames
for frame in range(number_of_frames):
    # Erase any previous drawing
    graphics.clear()

    # Change the location of the circle
    circle_x += 1

    # Draw the circle at the new location
    graphics.draw_image(circle_image_name, circle_x, circle_y)

    # Wait 1/30 to slow the animation to 30 frames per second
    graphics.wait(0.033)

# Keep the window from closing after animating
graphics.mainloop()

Here is an example of user interaction using the Graphics module:

import graphics

# Initialize the window
window_width = 640
window_height = 480
window_background_color = 'white'
window_title = 'Testing...'
graphics.window_size(window_width, window_height)
graphics.window_background_color(window_background_color)
graphics.window_title(window_title)

# Initialize a circle
circle_image_name = 'red_circle.gif'
circle_x = 200
circle_y = 100

# Animate the circle until the window closes
while graphics.window_open():
    # Erase any previous drawing
    graphics.clear()

    # Change the location of the circle based on what key the user is pressing
    if graphics.key_down('Right'):
        circle_x += 1
    if graphics.key_down('Left'):
        circle_x -= 1

    # Draw the circle at the new location
    graphics.draw_image(circle_image_name, circle_x, circle_y)

    # Wait 1/30 to slow the animation to 30 frames per second
    graphics.wait(0.033)

# Keep the window from closing after animating
graphics.mainloop()

Graphics¶

Drawing Functions¶

Window Functions¶

Keyboard Functions¶

Mouse Functions¶

Coordinate System¶

Colors¶

TKinter Color Strings¶

RGB Color¶

Numeric Color¶

TKinter Key Symbols¶

TKinter Button Numbers¶

Examples¶

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