Lab 4 In Class

Lab 4 In-Class: Graphics

Lab Objectives

Learn the Color class and how colors are represented in Java
Gain more experience with graphics.

Getting Started

Log onto the Linux system, open Firefox and an xterm window. In Firefox, go to the home page for this class and open up this lab. In an xterm, go to your Labs directory for this course and create a lab4 subdirectory for today's work. Change into that subdirectory.

Graphics and Color Codes

The basic scheme for representing a picture in a computer is to break the picture down into small elements called pixels, short for picture elements, and then represent the color of each pixel by a numeric code (this idea is discussed on pages 803 and 804 of the text). There are many systems for representing colors. One of the most common systems on computers is to use the same three additive colors that computer displays use. In this system the three additive colors are represented with three numbers -- one representing the amount of red in the color, another the amount of green, and the third the amount of blue. These numbers are referred to as the RGB value of the color. In Java, each of the three primary colors is represented by an 8-bit code. Hence, the possible base 10 values for each have a range of 0-255. Zero means none of that color while 255 means the maximum amount of the color. Pure red is represented by 255 for red, 0 for green, and 0 for blue, while magenta is a mix of red and blue (255 for red, 0 for green, and 255 for blue). In Java you can create your own colors. So far in the graphics programs we have written we have used the pre-defined colors, such as Color.red, from the Color class. However, we may also create our own Color object by specifying the red, green, and blue attributes. One way to create a Color object is to declare a variable of type Color and instantiate it using the constructor that requires three integer parameters -- the first representing the red attribute (the amount of red), the second the green attribute, and the third the blue attribute of the color. The signature for that constructor is

       Color (int r, int g, int b)

where r is the integer code for red, g the code for green, and b the code for blue. For example, the following declares the Color object myColor and instantiates it to a color with code 255 for red, 0 for green, and 255 for blue.


       Color myColor = new Color(255, 0, 255);

The Graphics object (page) can use a color object to set the foreground color for the page. The statement:

       page.setColor(myColor);

will set the current drawing color to be myColor . The file Colors.java contains an application that defines myColor to be a Color object with color code (200, 100, 255) - a shade of purple - and later redefines myColor to be a Color object with code (100, 100, 200).

Save Colors.java to your lab4 directory, open it in the Emacs editor, compile, and run the program.

Now do the following:

Study the code to see what is going on. Note the two places where the Color constructor is invoked to instantiate a new Color object. Also note how the x, y, width, and height variables are computed to place the two ovals (they are computed in terms of the PAGE_WIDTH and PAGE_HEIGHT constants). Finally note the use of the drawString method. The signature for the method is given on page 806 of the text.
Change the first instantiation of a Color object so the color code is (0,0,0) --- absence of color. What color should this be? Compile and run the program to check.
Try a few other combinations of color codes to see what you get. Find something you like for each of the ovals that are drawn.
Use the drawString method to put your names centered in the bottom right oval. Place your statement in the code where indicated by the comment (after the oval is drawn). Be sure to use the current values of x, y, width, and height in calculating the x and y values that position the string (you will need to make an adjustment that depends on the length of your names similar to the 35 used in positioning the "Color Codes" string).
Compile and run the application to make sure it is correct.
Now add a rectangle in the center of the frame. The height of the rectangle should be half the height of the frame page and the width should be half the width of the page. Use the x, y, width, and height variables to calculate the position. The calculations should involve the PAGE_WIDTH and PAGE_HEIGHT constants. Run the application to make sure it is correct before proceeding. Resize the window to see that the shapes resize with it (they will if you used calculations for x, y, width, and height involving the page size constants; they won't if you hardcoded numbers instead).
Now we will modify the program to generate random colors using a different constructor. (NOTE: a class can have multiple constructors - having more than one version of a method, including a constructor, is called method overloading.) There is a constructor for the Color class that takes a single integer as an argument. Its signature is:
```
         Color (int rgb)
```
The first 8 bits of the integer argument are ignored while the last 24 bits define the color -- 8 bits for red, 8 for green, and the last 8 bits for blue. Hence, the bit pattern
```
        00000000000000001111111100000000
```
should represent pure green. Its base 10 value is 65280. Just before your code for the rectangle (but after the comment about drawing a rectangle) add a new instantiation of the myColor object to
```
        myColor = new Color (65280);
```
You also need to use the setColor method to set the color to myColor. Run the application. Is your rectangle green?
Now add the following statements to the program:
- Declare colorCode to be a variable of type int;
- Declare a constant COLOR_MAX and initialize it to 16777216. Put your declaration up with the other constants near the beginning of the main method. (NOTE: This number comes from the fact that a color is represented by a 24 bit code - how many unique items can be represented by a 24 bit code?)
- Use the random class method nextInt to generate a random integer value in the range 0 - 16777215 (use the constant just declared!). Store the result in the colorCode variable.
- replace the number 65280 in the Color constructor above with the variable colorCode
Run the program -- restart the program several times so you can see the different random colors generated.
The Color class has methods that return the individual color codes (for red, green, and blue) for a Color object. The signature for getRed is as follows:
```
        int getRed()
```
returns the code for the red component of the myColor object (redCode should be a variable of type int). The methods that return the green and blue components are getGreen and getBlue, respectively. Add statements to the program, similar to the above, to get the three color codes (you need to declare some integer variables to store the codes). Then add statements such as
```
        page.drawString("Red: " + redCode, ____ , ____ );
```
to label the rectangle with the three color codes (this assumes your variable for the red attribute is redCode). You need to fill in the blanks with appropriate coordinates so each string is drawn inside the rectangle -- to do this make adjustments to the x and y coordinates for the rectangle. You also need to set the drawing color to something such as black so the strings will show up. Run the program to make sure it works. Restart several times to see the different colors and their corresponding codes displayed.
If you restarted the program enough times you probably noticed that the black (or whatever color you used) strings didn't always show up. Our final task is to fix this so the color of the strings will always show up. We'll do this by creating a new color from the red, green, blue attributes of the rectangle color. So add the following to your program to get the new color:
- [READ ALL OF THIS BEFORE DOING ANYTHING!!] Before you set the color for the strings, instantiate a new Color object that is sort of "half way" around the color spectrum from the color of the rectangle. We'll do this by adding 128 (half of 256) to the red, green, blue attributes of the rectangle color. However we can't just add 128 because the Color constructor that has 3 integer arguments requires that the integers be in the range 0 - 255. To get the codes back in the proper range we take the remainder when dividing by 256. Hence, what you need to do for each color attribute, add 128 then take the remainder when the result is divided by 256 (write a Java expression that does this). For example, if redCode is currently 220 then when you add 128 you get 348 then taking the remainder when you divide by 256 gives 92. You can either introduce new variables for each of the new codes and store the new values in those variables before instantiating the new Color object OR you can just put the calculations for the new codes directly in the arguments for the constructor.
- Set the color for drawing to be your new color instead of black (or whatever color you used before).
Test your program!

More Graphics

So far we have drawn rectangles, ovals,and strings but there's lots more that can be done with Java graphics. For starters, you can draw lines and arcs. All of these shapes can be drawn in outline with the "draw" methods (drawRect, drawArc, etc), or drawn in filled in form with the "fill" methods (fillRect, fillArc, etc).

Refer to the list of graphics methods on page 806. The descriptions are on pages 805-808. Pay particular attention to how an arc is defined (note the diagram on page 807).

Now save files MoreShapes.java to your lab4 directory. Open the file in Emacs and examine the code then compile and execute the program. To be sure you understand the arc methods do the following:

Observe that currently the red arc has a start angle of 0 and an arc angle of 90. This draws a quarter of an oval. Change the start angle to 45 and run to see what happens. Where does the arc start? How far does it go?
Change the arc angle to 180 and see what happens.
Currently the black outline arc has a start angle of 120 and an arc angle of 160. Observe what this looks like then change the arc angle to 300. See what this does.

Creating a Pie Chart In this exercise you will write an application that draws a pie chart showing the percentage of household income spent on various expenses. Java applications that use graphics all have the same general format. The file PieChart.java contains a shell for the program. Open it in Emacs and note that it already has the following necessary components (with few changes from MoreShapes.java):

the import statements needed for a graphics application
the main method that sets up the graphics frame. Note that it declares and instantiates a PieChart object rather than a MoreShapes object for the frame.

Your job is to fill in the paint method with code to draw the pie chart. To do this you need to think about what shapes make up a pie chart to plan the program. For your pie chart use the percentages below:

Rent and Utilities	35%
Transportation	15%
Food	15%
Educational	25%
Miscellaneous	10%

Each section of the pie should be in a different color, of course. Label each section of the pie with the category it represents and the appropriate percent (such as "Food (15%)") -- the labels should appear outside the pie itself. Be sure your pie pieces are the appropriate proportion of a circle (for example, the one for educational expenses should be 25% of a circle).

To submit your code: Tar the files in your lab4 directory. To verify that the tar file contains the proper files, the partner that is not logged in should log in, cp the tgz file to their lab4 directory, untar the file, and do an ls to verify all of the files are there. Finally, to submit your code cp the tgz file to the directory:

   /home/staff/bouchard/CPSC120B/lab4